Name: Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)

Definition: ROCE looks at how effectively the company uses all long-term capital — both debt and equity — to generate profits. It’s a good way to compare companies with different financing structures. Higher ROCE means the company makes good returns on every dollar invested in its business operations.

Interpretation:
• In '2021', Z's return on capital employed was 3.4%, indicating returns achieved on invested capital. Industry average for Business Services in '2021' stood at 8.8%.
• In '2022', Z's return on capital employed was -0.8%, indicating returns achieved on invested capital. The decline from '2021' may indicate some operational or financial challenges. Industry average for Business Services in '2022' stood at -8.9%. Industry average declined by 17.7% from previous year.
• In '2023', Z's return on capital employed was -2.1%, indicating returns achieved on invested capital. The decline from '2022' may indicate some operational or financial challenges. Industry average for Business Services in '2023' stood at -8.3%. Industry average increased by 0.6% compared to previous year.
• In '2024', Z's return on capital employed was -1.4%, indicating returns achieved on invested capital. The increase since '2023' reflects strengthening financial performance. Industry average for Business Services in '2024' stood at -6.7%. Industry average increased by 1.6% compared to previous year.
Overall, Z's return on capital employed has been volatile but showed a downward trend over the past 4 years.

Formula: ROCE = EBIT / (Total Assets - Current Liabilities)

Good Range: Often 8%-20%.