Name: Gross Profit Margin

Definition: Gross profit margin shows how much profit the company keeps from each dollar of sales after covering the direct cost of making its products or delivering services. High margins suggest strong pricing power or efficient production. Shrinking margins might mean rising costs or tougher competition eating into profits.

Interpretation:
• In '2021', VALE's gross profit margin was 60.1%, showing profitability after production and operational costs. Industry average for Metal Mining in '2021' stood at 29.1%.
• In '2022', VALE's gross profit margin was 45.2%, showing profitability after production and operational costs. The decline from '2021' may indicate some operational or financial challenges. Industry average for Metal Mining in '2022' stood at 29.3%. Industry average increased by 0.1% compared to previous year.
• In '2023', VALE's gross profit margin was 42.4%, showing profitability after production and operational costs. The decline from '2022' may indicate some operational or financial challenges. Industry average for Metal Mining in '2023' stood at 27.8%. Industry average declined by 1.5% from previous year.
• In '2024', VALE's gross profit margin was 36.2%, showing profitability after production and operational costs. The decline from '2023' may indicate some operational or financial challenges. Industry average for Metal Mining in '2024' stood at -16.7%. Industry average declined by 44.5% from previous year.
Overall, VALE's gross profit margin has been volatile but showed a downward trend over the past 4 years.

Formula: Gross Profit Margin = (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue

Good Range: Often 20%-60% depending on industry.